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3 tweets

Complex concision

  1. My life has become increasingly about the details of my thesis - I'm at the point that I wake up in the night wondering about the wording of a paragraph, the best way to present the data in Figure 2-4 and whether I really need another table. That's left this blog pretty quite, but for the Sunday Spinelessness posts. 


    That's fine, but a couple of tweets from Physicist for the Stars Sean M. Carrol put me on to a way of talking about science that fits my schedule a little better than blogging. Someone asked Sean to explain M-theory, the 11-dimensional version of string theory, over twitter. A lesser scientist would have balked at such a challenge, but Sean stepped up to the task: 

  2. seanmcarroll
    (1/3) There are 5 string theories, that live naturally in 10-dimensional spacetime. At least, when the coupling is small. #mtheory
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  3. seanmcarroll
    (2/3) Witten noticed that another solution exists at strong coupling: supergravity (no strings) in 11 dims. http://is.gd/vvDwXt #mtheory
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  4. seanmcarroll
    (3/3) M-theory is the still-mysterious overall structure, different limits of which appear as 10-d strings or 11-d supergravity. #mtheory
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  5. And he didn't stop there, with M-theory dealt with he moved on to explaining what the Higgs boson everyone is excited about actually is, and how quantum field theory works. Both of which he detailed on his blog

  6. Biology doesn't have 11-dimensional maths, or concepts as strange as quantum mechanics - but there are plenty of biological ideas that are very hard to grasp (or, worse yet, easy to get wrong). My research is about species - what they are, how we know we have one and where they come from. So, I thought I'd have a go at explaning that, betraying a little physcis envy in the process:

  7. TheAtavism
    Totally stealing @SeanMCarroll's idea of explaining something complex/interesting in #3tweets. So: what is a species and how do they arise?
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  8. TheAtavism
    #3tweets (1/3) Biology had a big bang too. Once life formed, different lineages started exploding into the space of possible forms. In that
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  9. TheAtavism
    #3tweets (2/3) explosion, species are the smallest unit capable of evolving away from others. Sex makes populations similar, and so share
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  10. TheAtavism
    #3tweets (3/3) a single evolutionary trajectory. So, species arise when populations stop sharing genes and can evolve apart from each other
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  11. A couple of people seemed to like that, so I tried another one. How does evolutionary change happen? (Which ended up more non-adaptationist than I thought it would...)

  12. TheAtavism
    #3tweets (1/3) You can't stop evolution. In every generation new genes are made; some survive some don't. Because new genes are constantly
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  13. TheAtavism
    #3tweets (2/3) being added to populations, in time new genes replace old ones. Some new genes are more likely to survive, because they
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  14. TheAtavism
    #3tweets (3/3) make their owners more likely to reproduce. That's natural selection, but even without selection, change happens
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  15. And finally, I though I'd tackle the hardest concept we teach to undergraduate genetics students here at Otago. What does 'heritibility' mean.
  16. TheAtavism
    #3tweets (1/3) It's meaningless to say a trait is 50% genetic. All traits arise from a complex interaction between genes and environment.
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  17. TheAtavism
    #3tweets (2/3) If a trait is 'heritable' it means some of the degree to which that trait varies in a population can be explained by genes
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  18. TheAtavism
    #3tweets (3/3) But heritability is not fixed - change the variation of environments we experience and the impact of genes will change too
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  19. That one really is hard to get,  it's one of the subjects I never really understood before I started teaching it (which is a great way to learn something). So, I might add the example I use when students struggle to grasp the concept:


    Imagine you baked a cake, and the batter rose 7 cm. What percentage of that rise was because of the heat you baked the cake at, and what percentage was because of the baking powder? That's obviously a stupid question - you required each to get the cake to rise. But, if you baked a hundred cakes varying the temperature at which you cooked them and the baking powder you added to them you might be able to get a feel as to how, within that sample, changing each of these factors contributes to the differences you see between cakes

    Heritability works the same way, it's an estimate of the degree to which genetic differences in a population explain the biological differences you see between members of a population.

  20. And that's that. It's really quite fun trying to pare a difficult concept down to a concise explanation - if you have a go at one let me know about it.

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